This OE Watch contains 25 foreign article reviews spanning over 30 different regions and countries covering Operational Environment topics from the foreign perspective for the US Army leader, development, training and education community, as well as others in governmental, analytic, and academic communities.

This issue can be downloaded at FMSO’s website: https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/oe-watch-past-issues/415497/download

Its Table of Contents is here:

CHINA
3 Chinese Observations on the Role and Impact of Social Media in Cognitive Warfare
4 China’s PLA Increasing Use of Simulators and Simulations
6 China’s PLA Explores “Battlefield Metaverse” Training Base To Simulate Future Warfare

RUSSIA
7 Russia’s BARS Reserve System Inducting Cossacks
9 A Russian Strategic Assessment of Russia’s 2022 Invasion of Ukraine
11 Russian Orthodox Church Blesses “Special Military Operation” in Ukraine
12 More Wonder Weapons on Russia’s Drawing Board
13 Kremlin Using Education Policy To Foster Approval of Its “Special Military Operation” in Ukraine
15 Russian Culture Ministry Proposes Possible Framework for New State Ideology
17 Sanctions Threaten Russia’s Arctic Energy Projects

IRAN
19 Iran Digs into Central Syria, Filling Vacuum Left by Russia
21 Iran Tries To Justify Abstention in UN Vote Condemning Russian Invasion of Ukraine
23 Iranian Navy Joins Indian Naval Exercises
24 Iran’s New Damavand Destroyer Set To Join Navy

TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
25 Colombian Navy Discovers Clandestine Narcosub Shipyard
26 Mexican Criminal Organizations Consolidate Their Positions in South America
27 Al Shabaab Takes Advantage of Somalia’s Disjointed Election Process To Ramp Up Attacks
28 Separatist Conflict Imminent in Northern Mali

GLOBAL OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
30 Sanctions Likely To Weaken Russian Arms Flow to Africa
31 Algeria Caught Between Neutrality and Strategic Relations with Russia
33 Turkey Central To Reducing Europe’s Dependence on Russian Natural Gas Russian Natural Gas
36 India Begins Development of a Light Tank
37 Philippines Pursues Helicopter Deals with Russia, Turkey, and Poland
39 Indonesia Upgrades Naval Submarine Fleet
40 Kyrgyzstan Conducts Exercise with Its New Bayraktars

For more information on this product, please contact:
Mr. Paul (Kent) Baumann (paul.k.baumann2.civ@army.mil); Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS

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